Trong tiếng Anh, động từ bất quy tắc là một phần quan trọng mà người học cần nắm vững. Những động từ này không tuân theo quy tắc thông thường trong việc chuyển đổi từ dạng hiện tại sang dạng quá khứ hay quá khứ phân từ, điều này khiến cho việc học và ghi nhớ chúng trở nên khó khăn hơn. Bài viết này sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về động từ bất quy tắc, cách sử dụng và một số mẹo ghi nhớ hiệu quả.
I. Sự khác biệt giữa động từ bất quy tắc và động từ quy tắc
Động từ quy tắc
Động từ quy tắc thường có dạng quá khứ và quá khứ phân từ kết thúc bằng “-ed”.
Ví dụ: (hiện tại => quá khứ => quá khứ phân từ)
finish => finished => finished (kết thúc)
contact => contacted => contacted (liên lạc)
Động từ bất quy tắc
Ngược lại, động từ bất quy tắc không tuân theo bất kỳ quy tắc nào trong việc chuyển đổi.
Ví dụ: (hiện tại => quá khứ => quá khứ phân từ)
be => was/were => been
see => saw => seen (nhìn)
Vì động từ quy tắc rất phổ biến trong cả giao tiếp hàng ngày và văn viết, việc ghi nhớ chúng là rất cần thiết. Tuy nhiên, với gần 620 động từ bất quy tắc trong tiếng Anh, việc học thuộc lòng tất cả là một thách thức lớn. Dưới đây là một số mẹo giúp bạn ghi nhớ chúng hiệu quả hơn.
Bảng động từ bất quy tắc thường được chia thành 3 cột: V1 (động từ nguyên thể), V2 (dạng quá khứ), V3 (dạng quá khứ phân từ).
1. Động từ có V1 kết thúc bằng “ed” thì V2, V3 cũng là “ed”
VD:
feed (V1) → fed (V2) → fed (V3): nuôi dạy
bleed (V1) → bled (V2) → bled (V3): (làm) chảy máu
2. Động từ V1 có tận cùng là “ay” thì V2, V3 là “aid”
VD:
say (V1) → said (V2) → said (V3): nói
3. Động từ V1 có tận cùng là “d” thì V2 là “t”
VD:
bend(V1) → bent (V2) → bent (V3): uốn cong
4. Động từ V1 có tận cùng là “ow” thì V2 là “ew”, V3 là “own”
VD:
blow (V1) → blew (V2) → blown (V3): thổi
5. Động từ V1 có tận cùng là “ear” thì V2 là “ore”, V3 là “orn”
VD:
swear (V1) → swore (V2) → sworn (V3): thề thốt
6. Động từ V1 có nguyên âm “i” thì V2 là “a”, V3 là “u”
VD:
begin (V1) → began (V2) → begun (V3): bắt đầu
7. Động từ có V1 tận cùng là “m” hoặc “n” thì V2, V3 giống nhau và thêm “t”
VD:
burn (V1) → burnt (V2) → burnt (V3): đốt cháy
II. Bảng động từ bất quy tắc
Trong tiếng Anh có rất nhiều động từ bất quy tắc ít được sử dụng. Để học tiếng Anh hiệu quả trong thời gian ngắn, bạn hãy áp dụng những mẹo trên để ghi nhớ gần 500 động từ trong bảng động từ bất quy tắc thông dụng nhất dưới đây:
ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN THỂ
QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN
QUÁ KHỨ PHÂN TỪ
A
Abide
Abode/Abided
Abode/Abided/Abiden
Alight
Alit/Alighted
Alit/Alighted
Arise
Arose
Arisen
Awake
Awoke
Awoken
B
Backbite
Backbit
Backbitten
Backslide
Backslid
Backslidden/Backslid
Be
Was/Were
Been
Bear
Bore
Born/Borne
Beat
Beat
Beaten
Become
Became
Become
Befall
Befell
Befallen
Beget
Begat/Begot
Begotten
Begin
Began
Begun
Behold
Beheld
Beheld
Bend
Bent
Bent
Bereave
Bereaved/Bereft
Bereaved/Bereft
Beseech
Besought/Beseeched
Besought/Beseeched
Beset
Beset
Beset
Bestrew
Bestrewed
Bestrewn/Bestrewed
Bet
Bet
Bet
Betake
Betook
Betaken
Bethink
Bethought
Bethought
Bid
Bid/Bade
Bid/Bidden
Bind
Bound
Bound
Bite
Bit
Bitten
Bleed
Bled
Bled
Blow
Blew
Blown
Break
Broke
Broken
Breed
Bred
Bred
Bring
Brought
Brought
Broadcast
Broadcast/Broadcasted
Broadcast/Broadcasted
Browbeat
Browbeat
Browbeaten/Browbeat
Build
Built
Built
Burn
Burnt/Burned
Burnt/Burned
Burst
Burst
Burst
Bust
Bust
Bust
Buy
Bought
Bought
C
Cast
Cast
Cast
Catch
Caught
Caught
Chide
Chided/Chid
Chided/Chidden
Choose
Chose
Chosen
Clap
Clapped/Clapt
Clapped/Clapt
Cling
Clung
Clung
Clothe
Clad/Clothed
Clad/Clothed
Colorbreed
Colorbred
Colorbred
Come
Came
Come
Cost
Cost
Cost
Creep
Crept
Crept
Crossbreed
Crossbred
Crossbred
Cut
Cut
Cut
D
Dare
Dared/Durst
Dared/Durst
Daydream
Daydreamed/Daydreamt
Daydreamed/Daydreamt
Deal
Dealt
Dealt
Dig
Dug
Dug
Dight
Dighted/Dight
Dighted/Dight
Disprove
Disproved
Disproved/Disproven
Dive
Dived/Dove
Dived
Do
Did
Done
Draw
Drew
Drawn
Dream
Dreamt/Dreamed
Dreamt/Dreamed
Drink
Drank
Drunk
Drive
Drove
Driven
Dwell
Dwelt
Dwelt
E
Eat
Ate
Eaten
Enwind
Enwound
Enwound
F
Fall
Fell
Fallen
Feed
Fed
Fed
Feel
Felt
Felt
Fight
Fought
Fought
Find
Found
Found
Fit
Fit/Fitted
Fit/Fitted
Flee
Fled
Fled
Fling
Flung
Flung
Fly
Flew
Flown
Forbear
Forbore
Forborne
Forbid
Forbade/Forbad
Forbidden
Fordo
Fordid
Fordone
Forecast
Forecast/Forecasted
Forecast/Forecasted
Forego
Forewent
Foregone
Foreknow
Foreknew
Foreknown
Forerun
Foresaw
Foreseen
Foresee
Foresaw
Foreseen
Foreshow
Foreshowed
Foreshown/Foreshowed
Forespeak
Foreshowed
Foreshown/Foreshowed
Foretell
Foretold
Foretold
Forget
Forgot
Forgotten
Forgive
Forgave
Forgiven
Forsake
Forsook
Forsaken
Forswear
Forswore
Forsworn
Fraught
Fraught
Fraught
Freeze
Froze
Frozen
Frostbite
Frostbit
Frostbitten
G
Gainsay
Gainsaid
Gainsaid
Get
Fot
Got/Gotten
Gild
Gilded/Gilt
Gilded/Gilt
Give
Gave
Given
Go
Went
Gone
Grind
Ground
Ground
Grow
Grew
Grown
H
Hagride
Hagrode
Hagridden
Halterbreak
Halterbroke
Halterbroken
Hamstring
Hamstrung
Hamstrung
Hand-feed
Hand-fed
Hand-fed
Handwrite
Handwrote
Handwritten
Hang
Hung/Hanged
Hung/Hanged
Have
Had
Had
Hear
Heard
Heard
Heave
Heaved/Hove
Heaved/Hove
Hew
Hewed
Hewn/Hewed
Hide
Hid
Hidden
Hit
Hit
Hit
Hold
Held
Held
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
I
Inbreed
Inbred
Inbred
Inlay
Inlaid
Inlaid
Input
Input/Inputted
Input/Inputted
Inset
Inset
Inset
Interbreed
Interbred
Interbred
Intercut
Intercut
Intercut
Interlay
Interlaid
Interlaid
Interset
Interset
Interset
Interweave
Interwove/Interweaved
Interwove/Interweaved
Interwind
Interwound
Interwound
Inweave
Inwove/Inweaved
Inwoven/Inweaved
J
Jerry-build
Jerry-built
Jerry-built
K
Keep
Kept
Kept
Kneel
Knelt/Kneeled
Knelt/Kneeled
Knit
Knit/Knitted
Knit/Knitted
Know
Knew
Known
L
Lade
Laded
Laden/Laded
Landslide
Landslid
Landslid
Lay
Laid
Laid
Lead
Led
Led
Lean
Leant/Leaned
Leant/Leaned
Leap
Leapt/Leaped
Leapt/Leaped
Learn
Learned/Learnt
Learned/Learnt
Leave
Left
Left
Lend
Lent
Lent
Let
Let
Let
Lie
Lay
Lain
Light
Lit
Lit
Lip-read
Lip-read
Lip-read
Lose
Lost
Lost
M
Make
Made
Made
Mean
Meant
Meant
Meet
Met
Met
Melt
Melted
Molten/Melted
Misbecome
Misbecame
Misbecome
Miscast
Miscast
Miscast
Miscut
Miscut
Miscut
Misdeal
Misdealt
Misdealt
Misdo
Misdid
Misdone
Mishear
Misheard
Misheard
Mishit
Mishit
Mishit
Mislay
Mislaid
Mislaid
Mislead
Misled
Misled
Mislearn
Mislearned/Mislearnt
Mislearned/Mislearnt
Misread
Misread
Misread
Missay
Missaid
Missaid
Missend
Missent
Missent
Misset
Misset
Misset
Misspeak
Misspoke
Misspoken
Misspell
Misspelled/Misspelt
Misspelled/Misspelt
Misspend
Misspent
Misspent
Misswear
Misswore
Missworn
Mistake
Mistook
Mistaken
Misteach
Mistaught
Mistaught
Mistell
Mistold
Mistold
Misthink
Misthought
Misthought
Misunderstand
Misunderstood
Misunderstood
Miswear
Miswore
Misworn
Miswed
Miswed/Miswedded
Miswed/Miswedded
Miswrite
Miswrote
Miswritten
Mow
Mowed
Mown
O
Offset
Offset
Offset
Outbid
Outbid
Outbid
Outbreed
Outbred
Outbred
Outdo
Outdid
Outdone
Outdraw
Outdrew
Outdrawn
Outdrink
Outdrank
Outdrunk
Outdrive
Outdrove
Outdriven
Outfight
Outfought
Outfought
Outfly
Outflew
Outflown
Outgrow
Outgrew
Outgrown
Outlay
Outlaid
Outlaid
Outleap
Outleaped/Outleapt
Outleaped/Outleapt
Outlie
Outlied
Outlied
Output
Output/Outputted
Output/Outputted
Outride
Outrode
Outridden
Outrun
Outran
Outrun
Outsee
Outsaw
Outseen
Outsell
Outsold
Outsold
Outshine
Outshined/Outshone
Outshined/Outshone
Outshoot
Outshot
Outshot
Outsing
Outsang
Outsung
Outsit
Outsat
Outsat
Outsleep
Outslept
Outslept
Outsmell
Outsmelled/Outsmelt
Outsmelled/Outsmelt
Outspeak
Outspoke
Outspoken
Outspeed
Outsped
Outsped
Outspend
Outspent
Outspent
Outspin
Outspun
Outspun
Outspring
Outsprang/Outsprung
Outsprang/Outsprung
Outstand
Outstood
Outstood
Outswear
Outswore
Outsworn
Outswim
Outswam
Outswum
Outtell
Outtold
Outtold
Outthink
Outthought
Outthought
Outthrow
Outthrew
Outthrown
Outwear
Outwore
Outworn
Outwind
Outwound
Outwound
Overwrite
Overwrote
Overwritten
P
Partake
Partook
Partaken
Pay
Paid
Paid
Plead
Pleaded/Pled
Pleaded/Pled
Prebuild
Prebuilt
Prebuilt
Premake
Premade
Premade
Prepay
Prepaid
Prepaid
Presell
Presold
Presold
Preset
Preset
Preset
Preshrink
Preshrank
Preshrunk
Presplit
Presplit
Presplit
Proofread
Proofread
Proofread
Prove
Proved
Proven/Proved
Put
Put
Put
Q
Quick-freeze
Quick-froze
Quick-frozen
Quit
Quit
Quit
R
Re-prove
Re-proved
Re-proven/Re-proved
Read
Read
Read
Reawake
Reawoke
Reawaken
Rebid
Rebid
Rebid
Rebind
Rebound
Rebound
Rebroadcast
Rebroadcast/Rebroadcasted
Rebroadcast/Rebroadcasted
Rebuild
Rebuilt
Rebuilt
Recast
Recast
Recast
Recut
Recut
Recut
Redeal
Redealt
Redealt
Redo
Redid
Redone
Redraw
Redrew
Redrawn
Reeve
Reeved/Rove
Reeved/Rove
Refit
Refit/Refitted
Refit/Refitted
Regrind
Reground
Reground
Regrow
Regrew
Regrown
Rehang
Rehung
Rehung
Rehear
Reheard
Reheard
Reknit
Reknitted/Reknit
Reknitted/Reknit
Relay
Relaid
Relaid
Relearn
Relearned/Relearnt
Relearned/Relearnt
Relight
Relit/Relighted
Relit/Relighted
Remake
Remade
Remade
Rend
Rent/Rended
Rent/Rended
Repay
Repaid
Repaid
Reread
Reread
Reread
Rerun
Reran
Rerun
Resell
Resold
Resold
Resend
Resent
Resent
Reset
Reset
Reset
Resew
Resewed
Resewn/Resewed
Retake
Retook
Retaken
Reteach
Retaught
Retaught
Retear
Retore
Retorn
Retell
Retold
Retold
Rethink
Rethought
Rethought
Retread
Retread
Retread
Retrofit
Retrofitted/Retrofit
Retrofitted/Retrofit
Rewake
Rewoke/Rewaked
Rewaken/Rewaked
Rewear
Rewore
Reworn
Reweave
Rewove/Reweaved
Rewoven/Reweaved
Rewed
Rewed/Rewedded
Rewed/Rewedded
Rewet
Rewet/Rewetted
Rewet/Rewetted
Rewin
Rewon
Rewon
Rewind
Rewound
Rewound
Rewrite
Rewrote
Rewritten
Rid
Rid/Ridded
Rid/Ridded
Ride
Rode
Ridden
Ring
Rang
Rung
Rise
Rose
Risen
Rive
Rived
Riven/Rived
Roughcast
Roughcast
Roughcast
Run
Ran
Run
S
Sand-cast
Sand-cast
Sand-cast
Saw
Sawed
Sawed/Sawn
Say
Said
Said
See
Saw
Seen
Seek
Sought
Sought
Self-feed
Self-fed
Self-fed
Self-sow
Self-sowed
Self-sown/Self-sowed
Sell
Sold
Sold
Send
Sent
Sent
Set
Set
Set
Sew
Sewed
Sewn/Sewed
Shake
Shook
Shaken
Shave
Shaved
Shaved/Shaven
Shear
Shore/Sheared
Shorn/Sheared
Shed
Shed
Shed
Shine
Shone
Shone
Shit
Shit/Shat/Shitted
Shit/Shat/Shitted
Shoe
Shod
Shod
Shoot
Shot
Shot
Show
Showed
Shown
Shrink
Shrank
Shrunk
Shrive
Shrived/Shrove
Shriven
Shut
Shut
Shut
Sight-read
Sight-read
Sight-read
Sing
Sang
Sung
Sink
Sank
Sunk
Sit
Sat
Sat
Skywrite
Skywrote
Skywritten
Slay
Slew
Slain
Sleep
Slept
Slept
Slide
Slid
Slid
Sling
Slung
Slung
Slink
Slunk
Slunk
Slit
Slit
Slit
Smell
Smelled/Smelt
Smelled/Smelt
Smite
Smote
Smitten/Smote
Sneak
Sneaked/Snuck
Sneaked/Snuck
Soothsay
Soothsaid
Soothsaid
Sow
Sowed
Sown
Speak
Spoke
Spoken
Speed
Sped/Speeded
Sped/Speeded
Spell
Spelled/Spelt
Spelled/Spelt
Spend
Spent
Spent
Spill
Spilled/Spilt
Spilled/Spilt
Spin
Spun/Span
Spun
Spit
Spit/Spat
Spit/Spat
Split
Split
Split
Spoil
Spoiled/Spoilt
Spoiled/Spoilt
Spoon-feed
Spoon-fed
Spoon-fed
Spread
Spread
Spread
Spring
Sprang
Sprung
Stall-feed
Stall-fed
Stall-fed
Stand
Stood
Stood
Stave
Staved/Stove
Staved/Stove
Steal
Stole
Stolen
Stick
Stuck
Stuck
Sting
Stung
Stung
Stink
Stank
Stunk
Strew
Strewed
Strewn/Strewed
Stride
Strode
Stridden
Strike
Struck
Stricken
String
Strung
Strung
Strip
Stripped/Stript
Stripped/Stript
Strive
Strove
Striven
Sublet
Sublet
Sublet
Sunburn
Sunburned/Sunburnt
Sunburned/Sunburnt
Swear
Swore
Sworn
Sweat
Sweat/Sweated
Sweat/Sweated
Sweep
Swept/Sweeped
Swept/Sweeped
Swell
Swelled
Swollen
Swim
Swam
Swum
Swing
Swung
Swung
T
Take
Took
Taken
Teach
Taught
Taught
Tear
Tore
Torn
Telecast
Telecast
Telecast
Tell
Told
Told
Test-drive
Test-drove
Test-driven
Test-fly
Test-flew
Test-flown
Think
Thought
Thought
Thrive
Thrived/Throve
Thrived/Thriven
Throw
Threw
Thrown
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
Tread
Trod
Trodden
Troubleshoot
Troubleshot
Troubleshot
Typecast
Typecast
Typecast
Typeset
Typeset
Typeset
Typewrite
Typewrote
Typewritten
U
Unbear
Unbore
Unborn/Unborne
Unbend
Unbent
Unbent
Unbind
Unbound
Unbound
Unbuild
Unbuilt
Unbuilt
Unclothe
Unclothed/Unclad
Unclothed/Unclad
Underbid
Underbid
Underbid
Underbuy
Underbought
Underbought
Undercut
Undercut
Undercut
Underfeed
Underfed
Underfed
Undergo
Underwent
Undergone
Underlay
Underlaid
Underlaid
Underlet
Underlet
Underlet
Underlie
Underlay
Underlain
Underrun
Underran
Underrun
Undersell
Undersold
Undersold
Undershoot
Undershot
Undershot
Underspend
Underspent
Underspent
Understand
Understood
Understood
Undertake
Undertook
Undertaken
Underwrite
Underwrote
Underwritten
Undo
Undid
Undone
Undraw
Undrew
Undrawn
Unfreeze
Unfroze
Unfrozen
Unhang
Unhung
Unhung
Unhide
Unhid
Unhidden
Unhold
Unheld
Unheld
Unknit
Unknitted/Unknit
Unknitted/Unknit
Unlade
Unladed
Unladen/Unladed
Unlay
Unlaid
Unlaid
Unlead
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unlearn
Unlearned/Unlearnt
Unlearned/Unlearnt
Unmake
Unmade
Unmade
Unreeve
Unreeved/Unrove
Unreeved/Unrove
Unsay
Unsaid
Unsaid
Unsew
Unsewed
Unsewn/Unsewed
Unsling
Unslung
Unslung
Unspin
Unspun
Unspun
Unstick
Unstuck
Unstuck
Unstring
Unstrung
Unstrung
Unswear
Unswore
Unsworn
Unteach
Untaught
Untaught
Unthink
Unthought
Unthought
Unweave
Unwove/Unweaved
Unwoven/Unweaved
Unwind
Unwound
Unwound
Unwrite
Unwrote
Unwritten
Uphold
Upheld
Upheld
Upsell
Upsold
Upsold
Upset
Upset
Upset
V
Vex
Vexed/Vext
Vexed/Vext
W
Wake
Woke
Woken
Waylay
Waylaid
Waylaid
Wear
Wore
Worn
Weave
Wove
Woven
Wed
Wed/Wedded
Wed/Wedded
Weep
Wept
Wept
Wend
Wended/Went
Wended/Went
Wet
Wet/Wetted
Wet/Wetted
Win
Won
Won
Wind
Wound
Wound
Withdraw
Withdrew
Withdrawn
Withhold
Withheld
Withheld
Withstand
Withstood
Withstood
Wring
Wrung
Wrung
Write
Wrote
Written
Z
Zinc
Zinced/Zincked
Zinced/Zincked
Hãy cải thiện kỹ năng tiếng Anh của bạn thông qua các phương pháp học tập hiệu quả và toàn diện!